Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation

LATEST MOST VIEWED: LAST ONE YEAR MOST VIEWED: LAST TWO YEARS MOST DOWNLOADED

Case Report| Open Access
Cerebral fat embolism syndrome after long bone fracture due to traffic accident: a case report
Xing-Yong Chen, Jian-Ming Fan, Ming-Feng Deng, Ting Jiang, Feng Luo
Cerebral fat embolism syndrome (CFES) is an uncommon but serious complication of long bone fracture. We reported a 19-year-old male patient who sustained CFES due to multiple limbs long bone fractures after a traffic accident injury. He gradually developed into coma within 24 h after his injury.... Read more

Cerebral fat embolism syndrome (CFES) is an uncommon but serious complication of long bone fracture. We reported a 19-year-old male patient who sustained CFES due to multiple limbs long bone fractures after a traffic accident injury. He gradually developed into coma within 24 h after his injury. The arterial blood gas analyses were normal. There was a small amount of gas in the right pleural cavity on the thoracic computed tomography (CT). Although there were no remarkable intracranial abnormalities on the initial brain CT findings, the typical brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the starfield pattern and scattered foci were observed. Both T2-weighted imaging and diffusion weighted imaging of MRI indicated multiple scattered lesions in the bilateral cerebrum hemisphere white matter, grey matter, basal ganglia, corpus callosum and thalamus indicative of acute infarcts without microbleeding on the susceptibility-weighted imaging sequences. With the above findings, the diagnosis of the case was cerebral fat embolism syndrome. Although the patient was treated with comprehensive support in the intensive care unit, he remained unconscious and was discharged after 7 days of hospitalization. Back
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:31. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.23
Published on: 1 Aug 2018 | Viewed：115 | Downloaded：10
+HTML| PDF
Review| Open Access
Therapeutic approach targeting apolipoprotein E binding region and low-density lipoprotein receptor for Alzheimer’s disease
Michael Leon, Darrell Sawmiller, Brian Giunta, Jun Tan
Approximately 13% of the population over the age of 65 years is estimated to have AD. The total number of cases is expected to increase over the coming decades. The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the greatest genetic determinant for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. The ApoE4 allele... Read more

Approximately 13% of the population over the age of 65 years is estimated to have AD. The total number of cases is expected to increase over the coming decades. The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the greatest genetic determinant for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. The ApoE4 allele increases the risk of AD by 4 to 14 fold while the ApoE2 allele has an opposing effect; decreasing risk. Indeed many studies have demonstrated that carriers of the ApoE2 allele are associated with greater likelihood of survival to advanced age, superior verbal learning ability in advanced age, and reduced accumulation of amyloid pathology in the aged brain. In addition, it is known that ApoE proteins have different affinities for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), with ApoE2 having the weakest binding to the LDL receptor at < 2% relative to ApoE3 and E4. Because ApoE2 has shown protective effects in regard to AD, a novel approach for ApoE4 carriers may be to create a peptide antagonist that blocks the ApoE interactions with LDLR at its 135-150 N-terminal binding domain. This peptide may create a more ApoE2-like structure by decreasing the affinity of ApoE4 for LDLR thereby reducing AD onset, memory impairment, and amyloid plaque formation. In this review, we will discuss the different detrimental effects that ApoE4 can cause. Most importantly, we will review how ApoE4 binding to LDLR promotes AD pathogenesis and how blocking ApoE4 binding may be a promising novel therapeutic approach for AD. Back
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:30. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.26
Published on: 31 Jul 2018 | Viewed：208 | Downloaded：7
+HTML| PDF
Review| Open Access
Immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors
Daniel B. Landi, Eric M. Thompson, David M. Ashley
Immunotherapy, while effective against lymphoid cancers and some solid tumors, has shown less benefit against pediatric brain tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, a suppressive immune microenvironment, and the blood-brain barrier have the potential to diminish any immune-based approach and limit... Read more

Immunotherapy, while effective against lymphoid cancers and some solid tumors, has shown less benefit against pediatric brain tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, a suppressive immune microenvironment, and the blood-brain barrier have the potential to diminish any immune-based approach and limit efficacy. More importantly, most pediatric brain tumors are immunologically quiescent, stemming from a low mutational burden. This review focuses on innate vs. adaptive immunotherapeutic approaches and describes how the immunologic context of pediatric brain tumors can help identify well-suited immunotherapies for our patients. In this framework, we will discuss past and current approaches using virotherapy, immunoconjugates, monoclonal antibodies, active immunization, and adoptive cellular therapy, and share our thoughts on how immunotherapy can cure children with brain tumors. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:29. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.35
Published on: 23 Jul 2018 | Viewed：1063 | Downloaded：87
+HTML| PDF
Case Report| Open Access
Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in adults: the first case report in China
Yue-Man Dai, Min Zhao, Hong-Ji Lu, Li-Xin Wan
We report on the first case of a Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in China. The bacterium was first isolated from the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid and has so far not been associated with human infections of the central nervous system. We hope our case report can give some references... Read more

We report on the first case of a Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in China. The bacterium was first isolated from the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid and has so far not been associated with human infections of the central nervous system. We hope our case report can give some references for the diagnosis and treatment of the Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in China. Back
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:28. | doi:10.20517//2347-8659.2018.09
Published on: 16 Jul 2018 | Viewed：570 | Downloaded：4
+HTML| PDF
Review| Open Access
Photodynamic therapy mediated immune therapy of brain tumors
Henry Hirschberg, Kristian Berg, Qian Peng
Photodynamic therapy of tumors requires the topical, systemic or oral administration of a photosensitizing compound,illumination of the tumor area by light of a specific wavelength and the presence of oxygen. Light activation of the photosensitizer transfers energy to molecular oxygen creating... Read more

Photodynamic therapy of tumors requires the topical, systemic or oral administration of a photosensitizing compound,illumination of the tumor area by light of a specific wavelength and the presence of oxygen. Light activation of the photosensitizer transfers energy to molecular oxygen creating singlet oxygen, a highly reactive and toxic species that rapidly reacts with cellular components causing oxidative damage, ultimately leading to cell death. Tumor destruction caused by photodynamic therapy is not only a result of direct tumor cell toxicity via the generation of reactive oxygen species but there is also an immunological and vascular component involved. The immune response to photodynamic therapy has been demonstrated to significantly enhance its efficacy. Depending on a number of factors, including type of photosensitizer, light dose and dose rate, photodynamic therapy has been shown to induce cell death via apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and in particular immunogenic cell death. It is the purpose of this review to focus mainly on the role photodynamic therapy could play in the generation of specific anti-tumor immunity and vaccines for the treatment of brain tumors. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:27. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.31
Published on: 10 Jul 2018 | Viewed：660 | Downloaded：50
+HTML| PDF
Technical Note| Open Access
Classification of brain tumor using devernay sub-pixel edge detection and k-nearest neighbours methodology
Ayush Arora, Ritesh Kumar, Shubham Tiwari, Mysore Shwetha, Selvam Venkatesan, Ramesh Babu
Any disease can be treated only once it is imaged, detected and classified. This paper proposes a set of algorithms for classification of a brain tumor with better accuracy and efficiency. The proposal uses a JPEG format of the DICOM image fed into three stages namely pre-processing, segmentation... Read more

Any disease can be treated only once it is imaged, detected and classified. This paper proposes a set of algorithms for classification of a brain tumor with better accuracy and efficiency. The proposal uses a JPEG format of the DICOM image fed into three stages namely pre-processing, segmentation using sub-pixel edge detection method and using the nearest neighbor methodology for the detection and differentiation of benign and malignant tumors. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:26. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.11
Published on: 19 Jun 2018 | Viewed：503 | Downloaded：20
+HTML| PDF
Review| Open Access
A concise review of immunotherapy for glioblastoma
Omer Sager, Ferrat Dincoglan, Selcuk Demiral, Bora Uysal, Hakan Gamsiz, Bahar Dirican, Murat Beyzadeoglu
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumors in adults with a universally poor prognosis despite multimodal management including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Among the novel therapeutic strategies, immunotherapy deserves particular attention... Read more

Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumors in adults with a universally poor prognosis despite multimodal management including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Among the novel therapeutic strategies, immunotherapy deserves particular attention with its potential to evoke biologic response and harness the host immune system. Considerable success achieved for other tumors has elicited great enthusiasm and prompted research on immunotherapy for GB. While the central nervous system has traditionally been thought of as an immune-privileged site, our understanding is being refined with emerging evidence. Several studies have been conducted and more are under way to establish the role of immunotherapy in management of GB. Immunotherapy of GB has yet resulted in mixed success with conflicting research findings, emphasizing the need for extensive study before its integration into routine clinical practice. Although there is a lot of room for improvement, immunotherapy for GB may be feasible and serve as a viable management strategy broadening and strengthening the therapeutic armamentarium to combat this deadly disease. Herein, we present a concise review of immunotherapy for GB. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:25. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.12
Published on: 15 Jun 2018 | Viewed：498 | Downloaded：60
+HTML| PDF
Commentary| Open Access
Commentary on “Depression severity and its predictors among multiple sclerosis patients in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study”
Thomas Müller Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:23. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.27
Published on: 7 Jun 2018 | Viewed：316 | Downloaded：15
+HTML| PDF
Original Article| Open Access
Shifting paradigm in brain abscess management at tertiary care centre in Nepal
Prakash Kafle, Mohan Raj Sharma, Sushil Krishna Shilpakar, Gopal Sedain, Amit Pradhanang, Ram Kumar Shrestha, Binod Raj Bhandari, Christine Groves
Aim: Brain abscess is a challenging clinical entity with substantial high case fatality rates despite significant advances in imaging techniques, laboratory modalities, surgical interventions, and antimicrobial treatment.Otogenic and cardiogenic sources are among the most common. Classic clinical... Read more

Aim: Brain abscess is a challenging clinical entity with substantial high case fatality rates despite significant advances in imaging techniques, laboratory modalities, surgical interventions, and antimicrobial treatment.Otogenic and cardiogenic sources are among the most common. Classic clinical presentation is seen in very few cases only. Burr hole with aspiration works well with good clinical outcomes. Control of primary source in cases of ear infection in the single setting results in good outcomes, reduces for additional surgery, and decreases the duration of hospital stay. Methods: This is prospective observational study conducted at Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal over the period of two and a half years (from September 2014 to March 2017).We analyzed the demographic profile, management strategies and outcome of these cases diagnosed with brain abscess using Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: A total of 51 cases were undertaken for surgical management. There were 35 males and 16 females with the male to female ratio of 2.18:1. The mean age of the study population was 16.76 years with age range from 4 months to 60 years. Otogenic source was the most common. Temporal lobe was the most common abscess location. Headache was the most common clinical presentation and was seen in 86.27% of the study population. All cases were initially managed with burrhole and aspiration of the abscess. Only 3.92% (n = 2) of cases subsequently required surgical excision of the abscess wall. Only 11.76 % (n = 6) of the cases required multiple aspiration. Only 19.61% (n = 10) showed positive culture. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli were the most common organisms grown. Mortality rate among the study group was 3.92%. Conclusion: With the advent of modern technology in neuroimaging, mortality due to brain abscess has significantly decreased. Joint involvement of the otorhinolaryngology team and efforts in addressing the primary source have further helped in improving outcomes in cases of otogenic brain abscess. Hence, source control is of paramount importance in managing the brain abscess. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on neuro-immunological and neuro-inflammatory lesions Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:24. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.10
Published on: 7 Jun 2018 | Viewed：368 | Downloaded：19
+HTML| PDF
Commentary| Open Access
Commentary on interactions between neurotropic pathogens, neuroinflammatory pathways, and autophagic neural cell death
Michaela Cellina, Marcello Orsi Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:22. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.15
Published on: 5 Jun 2018 | Viewed：280 | Downloaded：17
+HTML| PDF

+More| View all articles

EDITOR'S PICKS

Quick Links

Publications

Partners