Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation

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Erratum| Open Access
Erratum: Characteristics and predictive biomarkers of drug resistant epilepsy -- study in Georgia
Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Editorial Office Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:35. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.54
Published on: 6 Sep 2018 | Viewed：92 | Downloaded：4
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Original Article| Open Access
The novel-molecule T11TS facilitated arousal of glioma-mediated dormancy of bone-marrow hematopoietic stem-cells
Somnath Mondal, Ankur Datta, Iman Hazra, Sk Md Omar Faruk, Saibal Moitra, Suhnrita Chaudhuri, Lakshyajeet Nath, Prasanta Kumar Das, Anjan Kumar Basu, Santanu Kumar Tripathi, Swapna Chaudhuri
Aim: T11TS, a potent anti-gliomagenic glycoprotein, stimulates both peripheral and intracranial immune response. The status of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (BMHSCs), the cradle of regeneration of all blood cells, during gliomagenic global immune devastations has not yet been investigated.... Read more

Aim: T11TS, a potent anti-gliomagenic glycoprotein, stimulates both peripheral and intracranial immune response. The status of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (BMHSCs), the cradle of regeneration of all blood cells, during gliomagenic global immune devastations has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to delineate the effects of T11TS on immature and mature compartments of hematopoietic machinery. Methods: Flowcytometric analysis of cultured BMHSCs was evaluated for assesing the expression pattern of early hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) markers such as CD34+, Sca-1+, c-kit+ and also Angiopoietin-1 and Tie-2 both in normal, glioma, and in T11TS treated glioma-bearing animals. Immunofluresenece imaging and western blot analyses of BMHSCs were also carried out. Results: There was significant downregulation of HSCs-markers CD34+, Sca-1+, c-kit+ in ethyl nitrosourea-induced glioma-bearing animals followed by an increase in the expression level of Ang-1 and Tie-2 that determines the quiescence and self-renewability of stem cells. T11TS administration reversed the gliomagenic transformation of expression of the above mentioned markers. The results flowcytometric-analysis was also well corroborated with immunofluorescence imaging and western blot analysis. Conclusion: Collectively, the above experimental evidence hints towards gliomagenic maneuver of receptor expression of HSCs to derange the systemic immunity and T11TS mediated manipulation towards revival/rejuvenation of the same. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:34. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.13
Published on: 30 Aug 2018 | Viewed：217 | Downloaded：12
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Original Article| Open Access
In silico design of novel gold-phosphate containing compounds as selective inhibitors of cathepsin B in neuroinflammation
Alexsey V. Raevsky, Mohsen Sharifi, Vasily Pinchuk, Andis Klegeris
Aim: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by pathological protein aggregates and microglia-driven chronic neuroinflammation. Cathepsin B has been proposed as the potential target for inhibiting adverse activation of microglia and slowing down this neurodegenerative disease. Currently available... Read more

Aim: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by pathological protein aggregates and microglia-driven chronic neuroinflammation. Cathepsin B has been proposed as the potential target for inhibiting adverse activation of microglia and slowing down this neurodegenerative disease. Currently available inhibitors of cathepsin B enzymatic activity are non-selective; therefore, the design and synthesis of novel specific inhibitors could facilitate the development of a new class of anti-Alzheimer medications targeting the neuroinflammatory component of this disease. Methods: We describe molecular design strategies, which were used to create specific cathepsin B inhibitors based on the structure of the gold-containing drug auranofin (Ridaura), and its covalent binding to the cysteine residue of the active site of cathepsins. Results: This in silico study investigated the structure-activity relationship of a series of newly designed derivatives of auranofin with regard to their cathepsin B inhibitory activity. An exhaustive molecular screening model was designed and validated by using a set of known cathepsin B inhibitors. Its validity was further tested during the preliminary stage of the biological screening of newly designed inhibitors. Based on the structure-function relationships discovered by recording the empirical score values generated for the screening model, a series of subsequent in silico predictions of compound inhibitory activity were generated, which led to new structures with increased inhibitory activity and selectivity towards cathepsin B. Conclusion: The described molecular modeling strategy could be employed to design novel inhibitors of cathepsin B enzymatic activity, which could be used to slow down neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Back
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:33. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.34
Published on: 27 Aug 2018 | Viewed：147 | Downloaded：21
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Review| Open Access
Systemic therapy in patients with NSCLC with brain metastasis: the emerging role of immunotherapy
Jiaxin Niu, Junle Zhou, Sara Lindebak, Fade Mahmoud
Brain metastasis (BM) is very common in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The development of BM remains a serious complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The traditional approach has been largely focusing on local therapy with surgery and/or... Read more

Brain metastasis (BM) is very common in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The development of BM remains a serious complication associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The traditional approach has been largely focusing on local therapy with surgery and/or radiation. New approaches to treat BM in NSCLC are urgently needed to offer safe and effective therapy as well as to preserve neurocognitive function. There has been significant progress in development of systemic therapies to treat advanced NSCLC in recent years. Targeted therapy has been gradually incorporated into clinical practice to manage NSCLC with BM. Immunotherapy (IO) has revolutionized our treatment paradigm to manage advanced NSCLC. In this review we outline the systemic options for NSCLC-related BM and discuss IO in NSCLC. Finally, we describe the available data and future perspective to support the use of IO in NSCLC patients with BM. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:32. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.39
Published on: 23 Aug 2018 | Viewed：383 | Downloaded：61
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Case Report| Open Access
Cerebral fat embolism syndrome after long bone fracture due to traffic accident: a case report
Xing-Yong Chen, Jian-Ming Fan, Ming-Feng Deng, Ting Jiang, Feng Luo
Cerebral fat embolism syndrome (CFES) is an uncommon but serious complication of long bone fracture. We reported a 19-year-old male patient who sustained CFES due to multiple limbs long bone fractures after a traffic accident injury. He gradually developed into coma within 24 h after his injury.... Read more

Cerebral fat embolism syndrome (CFES) is an uncommon but serious complication of long bone fracture. We reported a 19-year-old male patient who sustained CFES due to multiple limbs long bone fractures after a traffic accident injury. He gradually developed into coma within 24 h after his injury. The arterial blood gas analyses were normal. There was a small amount of gas in the right pleural cavity on the thoracic computed tomography (CT). Although there were no remarkable intracranial abnormalities on the initial brain CT findings, the typical brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the starfield pattern and scattered foci were observed. Both T2-weighted imaging and diffusion weighted imaging of MRI indicated multiple scattered lesions in the bilateral cerebrum hemisphere white matter, grey matter, basal ganglia, corpus callosum and thalamus indicative of acute infarcts without microbleeding on the susceptibility-weighted imaging sequences. With the above findings, the diagnosis of the case was cerebral fat embolism syndrome. Although the patient was treated with comprehensive support in the intensive care unit, he remained unconscious and was discharged after 7 days of hospitalization. Back
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:31. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.23
Published on: 1 Aug 2018 | Viewed：301 | Downloaded：21
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Review| Open Access
Therapeutic approach targeting apolipoprotein E binding region and low-density lipoprotein receptor for Alzheimer’s disease
Michael Leon, Darrell Sawmiller, Brian Giunta, Jun Tan
Approximately 13% of the population over the age of 65 years is estimated to have AD. The total number of cases is expected to increase over the coming decades. The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the greatest genetic determinant for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. The ApoE4 allele... Read more

Approximately 13% of the population over the age of 65 years is estimated to have AD. The total number of cases is expected to increase over the coming decades. The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the greatest genetic determinant for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. The ApoE4 allele increases the risk of AD by 4 to 14 fold while the ApoE2 allele has an opposing effect; decreasing risk. Indeed many studies have demonstrated that carriers of the ApoE2 allele are associated with greater likelihood of survival to advanced age, superior verbal learning ability in advanced age, and reduced accumulation of amyloid pathology in the aged brain. In addition, it is known that ApoE proteins have different affinities for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), with ApoE2 having the weakest binding to the LDL receptor at < 2% relative to ApoE3 and E4. Because ApoE2 has shown protective effects in regard to AD, a novel approach for ApoE4 carriers may be to create a peptide antagonist that blocks the ApoE interactions with LDLR at its 135-150 N-terminal binding domain. This peptide may create a more ApoE2-like structure by decreasing the affinity of ApoE4 for LDLR thereby reducing AD onset, memory impairment, and amyloid plaque formation. In this review, we will discuss the different detrimental effects that ApoE4 can cause. Most importantly, we will review how ApoE4 binding to LDLR promotes AD pathogenesis and how blocking ApoE4 binding may be a promising novel therapeutic approach for AD. Back
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:30. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.26
Published on: 31 Jul 2018 | Viewed：367 | Downloaded：23
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Review| Open Access
Immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors
Daniel B. Landi, Eric M. Thompson, David M. Ashley
Immunotherapy, while effective against lymphoid cancers and some solid tumors, has shown less benefit against pediatric brain tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, a suppressive immune microenvironment, and the blood-brain barrier have the potential to diminish any immune-based approach and limit... Read more

Immunotherapy, while effective against lymphoid cancers and some solid tumors, has shown less benefit against pediatric brain tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, a suppressive immune microenvironment, and the blood-brain barrier have the potential to diminish any immune-based approach and limit efficacy. More importantly, most pediatric brain tumors are immunologically quiescent, stemming from a low mutational burden. This review focuses on innate vs. adaptive immunotherapeutic approaches and describes how the immunologic context of pediatric brain tumors can help identify well-suited immunotherapies for our patients. In this framework, we will discuss past and current approaches using virotherapy, immunoconjugates, monoclonal antibodies, active immunization, and adoptive cellular therapy, and share our thoughts on how immunotherapy can cure children with brain tumors. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:29. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.35
Published on: 23 Jul 2018 | Viewed：1500 | Downloaded：125
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Case Report| Open Access
Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in adults: the first case report in China
Yue-Man Dai, Min Zhao, Hong-Ji Lu, Li-Xin Wan
We report on the first case of a Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in China. The bacterium was first isolated from the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid and has so far not been associated with human infections of the central nervous system. We hope our case report can give some references... Read more

We report on the first case of a Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in China. The bacterium was first isolated from the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid and has so far not been associated with human infections of the central nervous system. We hope our case report can give some references for the diagnosis and treatment of the Streptococcus gallolyticus meningocephalitis in China. Back
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:28. | doi:10.20517//2347-8659.2018.09
Published on: 16 Jul 2018 | Viewed：787 | Downloaded：15
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Review| Open Access
Photodynamic therapy mediated immune therapy of brain tumors
Henry Hirschberg, Kristian Berg, Qian Peng
Photodynamic therapy of tumors requires the topical, systemic or oral administration of a photosensitizing compound,illumination of the tumor area by light of a specific wavelength and the presence of oxygen. Light activation of the photosensitizer transfers energy to molecular oxygen creating... Read more

Photodynamic therapy of tumors requires the topical, systemic or oral administration of a photosensitizing compound,illumination of the tumor area by light of a specific wavelength and the presence of oxygen. Light activation of the photosensitizer transfers energy to molecular oxygen creating singlet oxygen, a highly reactive and toxic species that rapidly reacts with cellular components causing oxidative damage, ultimately leading to cell death. Tumor destruction caused by photodynamic therapy is not only a result of direct tumor cell toxicity via the generation of reactive oxygen species but there is also an immunological and vascular component involved. The immune response to photodynamic therapy has been demonstrated to significantly enhance its efficacy. Depending on a number of factors, including type of photosensitizer, light dose and dose rate, photodynamic therapy has been shown to induce cell death via apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and in particular immunogenic cell death. It is the purpose of this review to focus mainly on the role photodynamic therapy could play in the generation of specific anti-tumor immunity and vaccines for the treatment of brain tumors. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:27. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.31
Published on: 10 Jul 2018 | Viewed：1097 | Downloaded：63
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Technical Note| Open Access
Classification of brain tumor using devernay sub-pixel edge detection and k-nearest neighbours methodology
Ayush Arora, Ritesh Kumar, Shubham Tiwari, Mysore Shwetha, Selvam Venkatesan, Ramesh Babu
Any disease can be treated only once it is imaged, detected and classified. This paper proposes a set of algorithms for classification of a brain tumor with better accuracy and efficiency. The proposal uses a JPEG format of the DICOM image fed into three stages namely pre-processing, segmentation... Read more

Any disease can be treated only once it is imaged, detected and classified. This paper proposes a set of algorithms for classification of a brain tumor with better accuracy and efficiency. The proposal uses a JPEG format of the DICOM image fed into three stages namely pre-processing, segmentation using sub-pixel edge detection method and using the nearest neighbor methodology for the detection and differentiation of benign and malignant tumors. Back
This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2018;5:26. | doi:10.20517/2347-8659.2018.11
Published on: 19 Jun 2018 | Viewed：679 | Downloaded：29
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