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Figure 2. Glioma-associated microglia and macrophage pathways in the tumor microenvironment including potential therapeutic targets. Schematic representing anti-tumor and pro-tumor pathways in microglia. (A) Intrinsic anti-tumor pathways present in microglia involving TRAIL, IL-1β inhibition, and CD74 upregulation; (B) Intrinsic anti-tumor pathways present in macrophages involving IL-1β inhibition. toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), CX3CR1, and TLR9 are both present on both microglia and macrophages; (C) pro-tumor or tumor-progressive pathways in microglia that are associated with increased gliomagenesis and invasion; (D) pro-tumor and immunosuppressing pathways present in macrophages that result in decreased immune response against glioblastoma (GBM); and (E) tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis pathways involving microglia and macrophages