fig3

Figure 3. Potential immunotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) using anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies. Anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies have been utilized in different human malignancies to promote antitumor immunity with enormous success in selective cases. This antitumor immunity is proposed to be mediated through disinhibition/stimulation of cytotoxic T cells for eliminating the malignant cells. Anti-PD-1 inhibits the interaction of programmed death-ligand 1 on cytotoxic T cells, making the T cells believe that the cell they are interacting with is foreign. Similarly, anti-CTLA-4 inhibits the interaction of the inhibitory CTLA-4 surface marker with B7 surface marker of the cytotoxic T cell, allowing for recognition of the malignancy by the T cells. The cytotoxic T cells then release their cytotoxic granules, leading to apoptosis in the GBM cells